12/1/2022 0 Comments Vanderbilt synergyBy activating the innate immune system, tumorous microenvironments are stimulated and made more active, which means there is a greater chance that the adaptive immune system can target and kill cancerous cells. Thus, by utilizing immunotherapeutics to activate the immune system, the immune system can target and eradicate tumorous cells like it would a pathogen. Because they resemble somatic cells, tumor cells can often circumvent detection by the immune system. Within this study, innate immunotherapy is studied. The adaptive, however, uses immune cells – such as T cells – that eliminate pathogens and diseases and evince the creation of antigens. The innate aspect utilizes the capabilities of the innate immune system to initiate targeted immunological responses to destroy malignant cells. Within immunotherapy, there are two branches: innate and adaptive. Immunotherapy, in broad terms, activates the immune system to prompt immune cells to recognize cancer cells as foreign objects or neoplasms and kill them. Contrarily, immunotherapy provides a safer, more efficient, and more reliable alternative to chemotherapeutics. Moreover, chemotherapeutic treatments only work to kill cancerous cells however, the treatments do not eliminate the risk of tumor metastasis, only reducing risk at best. Further, less platelets are produced, which limits the body’s ability to create clots, thereby increasing blood loss from injuries. Significantly less leukocytes are available which cripples the immune system’s ability to target infections and or pathogens. As a result, less erythrocytes and/or hemoglobin is produced, which decreases the amounts of oxygen and nutrients circulating throughout the body. Furthermore, chemotherapy damages the underlying bone tissue and bone marrow which provides further limitations since bone marrow produces blood cells. Thus, both malignant cells and normal cells proximal to the bloodstream are eradicated, which places patients at a potential risk of organ failure or death. By injecting patients with drugs, cell death is not targeted, and healthy cells are killed in the process. This, however, encompasses numerous complications that impact the patient’s health and safety. Chemotherapeutic treatments consist of injecting patients with multiple cytotoxic drugs through intravenous infusion that aim to eliminate cancerous cells. Immunotherapy for treatment of cancer retains far greater potential than traditional chemotherapy. Resulting data may be used to improve current cancer treatments.Īlthough cancer is one of the most lethal diseases, its most common treatment, chemotherapy, is not optimal. The resulting immunological responses of synergistic application of adjuvants, when compared to baseline application of a single adjuvant, is substantially higher. The extracted data suggest synergy is apparent between all combinations of the tested adjuvants. Quantiblue, Quantiluc, and Cytotoxicity assays were conducted to quantify IFN and NF-κB pathway activation and cell death. RAW Dual cells were dosed with one adjuvant at a set concentration and the other at doses, including the IC-50 and concentrations of twice, quadruple, half, and a fourth of the IC50. Multiple adjuvants result in the activation of multiple pathways simultaneously the existence of synergy between two adjuvants indicate immunological responses are substantially higher due to an enhanced activation of multiple pathways. The objective of the research was to determine if synergy existed between adjuvants MPLA, CpG, and cGAMP. Using specific biological compounds, or adjuvants, activates responses in the body through specific molecular pathways. Immunotherapy eradicates the risk of metastasis and provides more safe, efficient, and effective treatment in cancers. Immunotherapy, the treatment of diseases by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing immune responses, provides far greater potential for successful cancer treatment as opposed to traditional chemotherapy. In Vitro Analysis of Synergy between Adjuvants MPLA, CpG, and cGAMP for Treatment of Cancer ABSTRACT
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